Abstract
“Sit less–move more” has been the unambiguous recommendation to adults for higher health. preponderantly, this recommendation is predicated on analysis of physical behaviors throughout leisure-time. A recent study among > 100,000 adults indicates a formed association between leisure-time physical activity and risk for disorder and mortality among adults in physically active occupations. this could be explained by the tidy distinction in 24-h physical behaviors between adults in inactive and physically active occupations. Thus, the recommendation “sit less–move more” won't be the most effective for health among adults in physically active occupations. to produce a scientific approach and encourage analysis on 24-h physical behaviors and health for those in physically active occupations, we tend to propose the “Sweet-Spot Hypothesis.” The hypothesis postulates that the “Sweet-Spot” of 24-h physical behaviors for higher health differs between adults, reckoning on their occupation. Specifically, the hypothesis claims that the recommendation “sit less–move more” doesn't bring adults in physically active occupations toward their “Sweet-Spot” of 24-h physical behaviors for higher health. the aim of our paper is to encourage researchers to check this projected hypothesis by describing its origin, its theoretical underpinning, approaches to check it, and sensible implications. to push health for all, and reduce social health inequalities, we tend to see an excellent would like for by trial and error testing the “Sweet-Spot Hypothesis.” we tend to propose the “Sweet-Spot Hypothesis” to encourage discussion, debates, and enquiry to expand our collective information regarding the healthy “24-h physical behavior balance” for all.
Key Points
The unambiguous recommendation “sit less–move more” won't be the most effective for health for all adults.
We propose the “Sweet-Spot Hypothesis” postulating that the “healthy balance” of 24-h physical behaviors differs between adults in inactive and physically active occupations.
Our main aim is to counsel a replacement scientific approach and to encourage analysis on healthy 24-h physical behavior balance for all.
Background
The benefits of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in preventing and managing a variety of diseases and conditions area unit well established one, 2. Meanwhile, proof suggests that outlay prolonged inactive hours impairs health three. Thus, globally “sit less–move more” has become the unambiguous recommendation for achieving higher health among the final adult population one, 2, 4.
Another recommendation sent from the recent United Nations agency tips on physical activity and inactive behavior is that MVPA attenuates the damaging health effects from several inactive hours spent per day one. this is often supported by a meta-analysis of accelerometer-based cohorts, finding that as very little as thirty min daily MVPA attenuates the raised risk of all-cause mortality from many hours of daily inactive behavior five.
Emerging proof on the joint effects of multiple physical behaviors, like that reviewed by the United Nations agency tips on physical activity and inactive behaviors one and therefore the Canadian 24-h movement tips four, recommends a replacement “balanced approach” to multiple behaviors and risk factors. This approach suggests that some physical behaviors (e.g., MVPA) restore “a balance” among adults outlay an excessive amount of time in unhealthy physical behaviors (e.g., excessive inactive behavior) one, 4. as an example, this new recommendation presents a variety of choices for inactive populations to attenuate their higher risk for impaired health by reducing their inactive time, increasing MVPA, or a mixture of each one, 4. The premise of the 24-h movement tips is that there area unit “healthy” daily durations of physical behaviors. as an example, the Canadian 24-h tips for adults propose that a healthy day includes 7–9 h sleep, eight h or less inactive time (with
A recent study among > 100,000 adults indicated a U-shaped association between leisure-time physical activity and also the risk for upset and mortality among adults in physically active occupations nine. This study indicates that the “healthy balance” of 24-h physical behaviors isn't essentially achieved by adhering to the recommendation “sit less–move more” among adults in physically active occupations. consequently, the United Nations agency physical activity and inactive behavior pointers development cluster inspired analysis on domain-specific physical behaviors and health ten. They expressed that “the best balance between activity activity and inactive behavior over the course of the workday” remains to be established ten. Here, we have a tendency to frame this “optimal balance” of 24-h physical behaviors for higher health the “Sweet-Spot” of 24-h physical behaviors (i.e., inactive behavior, active behaviors and sleep).
We hypothesise that the “Sweet-Spot” of 24-h physical behaviors for higher health differs between adults in inactive and physically active occupations. Specifically, our hypothesis suggests that the recommendation “sit less–move more” might not bring adults in physically active occupations toward their “Sweet-Spot” of 24-h physical behaviors for higher health.
It is well established that physically active occupations usually, though not completely, relate to lower socioeconomic position, as well as lower financial gain, activity category and education half dozen, 11. Conversely, health-promoting physical activity throughout leisure-time is related to higher socioeconomic position half dozen. If the recommendation “sit less–move more” relies on proof preponderantly from adults in high-wage, high-status, inactive occupations (i.e., “the privileged”)—but not therefore from adults in low-wage, low status, physically active occupations (i.e., “less privileged”), then universal adherence to the current recommendation might lead to widening health inequalities twelve. Thus, for promoting public health and decreasing health inequalities, we have a tendency to see a good would like for empirical testing of the planned “Sweet-Spot Hypothesis.”
In this paper, we have a tendency to aim to explain the origin and theoretical underpinning of the “Sweet-Spot Hypothesis,” propose approaches to check the hypothesis, and discuss its sensible implications. Our aim is to begin a dialogue within the field and encourage analysisers to check the hypothesis in their research. Through discussion, debates, and inquiry, we have a tendency to hope to expand our collective information regarding the healthy “24-h physical behavior balance” for all.
Origin of the “Sweet-Spot Hypothesis”
Our “Sweet-Spot Hypothesis” of 24-h physical behaviors is galvanized by the pioneering work of Morris and Paffenbarger on physical behavior and health thirteen, 14. each started work the health effects of varied physical behaviors among adults in numerous occupations (bus drivers, conductors and longshoremen). the choice of those “less privileged” occupations reflects the combination of activity health and physical activity analysis within the period of time of physical activity medical specialty fifteen. Today, decades when Morris and Paffenbarger, we have a tendency to believe that analysis on physical behaviors and health in adults with totally different occupations will offer valuable proof complementary to this literature on the overall adult population.
We see 2 main arguments for why the “Sweet-Spot” of 24-h physical behaviors of adults in physically active occupations would hypothetically disagree from that of adults in inactive occupations. Firstly, adults in physically active occupations usually have physically stern work tasks for prolonged hours for many consecutive days half dozen, 11, 16. Thus, their physical behaviors at work powerfully deviate from adults in inactive occupations. Secondly, physically active occupations ar usually characterised by lower level of management and adaptability, putt robust constraints on the individual's physical behaviors at work seventeen.
The analysis literature underlying this physical activity and inactive pointers is preponderantly supported physical behaviors throughout leisure-time, usually with overrepresentation of a lot of privileged adults in high-status, high-wage inactive occupations ten. Consequently, the corpus of proof might not be representative of the “less privileged,” and thus, the recommendation “sit less–move more” might not be applicable to adults in physically active occupations. for instance, ought to we have a tendency to offer the recommendation “sit less–move more” to producing staff United Nations agency symbolize 6–7 h per day at a assembly line, or cleaners United Nations agency pay 7–8 h daily on their feet at work? Or ought to we have a tendency to instead advise them to “sit more–move less” when work for recovery? In each cases, the recommendation given to inactive workplace staff might not be appropriate, however we have a tendency to don't nevertheless have a ample proof base for giving recommendation to those staff.
Theoretical Underpinnings of the “Sweet-Spot Hypothesis”
The “Sweet-Spot Hypothesis” builds on the biological theory of allostasis eighteen, which implies to “achieve stability through modification.” The build needs internal stability (homeostasis) for protective physiological condition throughout environmental changes and daily tasks and challenges. The allostatic response allows healthy variations by activation of varied physiological systems (autonomic, vas, metabolic, inflammatory, and central) nineteen. This accommodative response is for instance helpful for fast energy mobilization (e.g., throughout a bout of MVPA) and results in healthy habituation once the challenge is brief lasting and followed by recovery (e.g., throughout rest). However, recurrent or persistent activation or inactivation of the allostatic systems while not needed recovery or interruption could result in unbalanced physiological regulation, like altered metabolism, high blood pressure, or excess inflammation twenty. Such unhealthy variations ar referred to as allostatic load nineteen, that has been connected with redoubled risk for varied diseases twenty one.
From a daily physical behavior and health perspective, the “Sweet-Spot” happens once there's a balance between physical activity, inactive behavior and sleep, resulting in health-promoting allostatic variations. To the contrary, associate degree imbalance between these behaviors results in allostatic variations prejudicious to health. for instance, a long-run imbalance between intensive inactive behavior and no MVPA could result in unhealthy allostatic variations, which might compromise cardiometabolic health twenty two, 23. On the contrary, a healthy 24-h physical behavior balance, with a minimum of thirty min of MVPA per day, and ample, however not excessive, inactive behavior and sleep could result in healthy allostatic variations (sweet-spot), leading to improved cardiometabolic health twenty four. However, 24-h physical behavior imbalance may occur with an excessive amount of physical activity (e.g., MVPA) while not ample inactive time and sleep (recovery), resulting in poorer cardiometabolic health twenty five,26,27.How to by trial and error check the “Sweet-Spot Hypothesis”?
The “Sweet-Spot Hypothesis” postulates that the most effective balance between 24-h physical behaviors for higher health differs between adults in inactive and physically active occupations. Specifically, testing this hypothesis is regarding falsification the null hypothesis (H0) that (1) there's no distinction within the “Sweet-Spot” of 24-h physical behaviors between adults in occupations with totally different physical behaviors, and (2) the recommendation “sit less–move more” brings all adults from totally different occupations toward their “Sweet-Spot” of 24-h physical behaviors for higher health.
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